Governing Verbs Which Set Up an Expectation of Indirect Discourse Noun Clauses
These are verbs that raise the expectation of finite and/or non-finite indirect command noun clauses. Finite and non-finite indirect commands share their governing verbs, except for impero (finite indirect command) and iubeo (non-finite AcI). Although the term we use for these clauses is indirect command, the “bossy” governing verbs have a range of semantic notions, including order, urge, wish, resolve, decree and allow. Those verbs with the highest frequency are listed first and are in bold; less frequently occurring verbs are in the second list.
Finite indirect command markers are:
1. ut (for positive command) or ne (for negative command/prohibition)
2. verb in the subjunctive
Non-finite indirect command is an AcI construction also called objective infinitive. The markers are:
1. subject in the accusative
2. verb in the present infinitive
High frequency “bossy” verbs:
cogo, cogere coegi, coactus – to force, compel
hortor, hortari, hortatus, + acc – to urge, encourage
impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus + dative – to order, command – ONLY with ut/ne +subjunctive
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus – to order, command – ONLY with AcI.
moneo, monere, monui, monitus + acc – to warn, advise
nolo, nolle, nolui – to be unwilling, to not want, not wish
oro, orare, oravi, oratus + acc – to beg, entreat
patior, pati, passus – to allow
persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasurus + dat- to persuade, convince
peto, petere, petivi, petitus + ab + abl – to ask, request
postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatus + ab + abl – to demand, desire
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus +ex/ab + abl – to desire, ask
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus + acc – to ask, beg, request
volo, velle, volui – to be willing, want, wish
“Bossy” verbs occurring less frequently:
censeo, censere, censui, census – to propose
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus – to desire, wish
decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretus – to vote, to decide through a vote
edico, edicere, edixi, edictum, + dat – to issue a written order, to proclaim
malo, malle, malui – to prefer
permitto, permittere, permisi, permissus – to allow, permit
precor, precari, precatus + acc – to pray, entreat
prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus – to prevent, prohibit
sino, sinere, sivi, situs – to allow
statuo, statuere, statui, statutus – to decide
suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasurus + dat – to persuade, convince
veto, vetare, vetui – to forbid
Verbs that raise expectations of an indirect statement noun clause (an AcI construction)
Markers:
- accusative subject
- verb in any tense and voice of the infinitive; a perfect active or passive infinitive most often occurs in indirect statement; a future active infinitive is used ONLY in indirect statement
- governing verb of THINKING, HEARING, SAYING, etc.
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus – to think
audio, audire, audivi, auditus – to hear
cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus – to learn, recognize
credo, credere, credidi, creditus – to think, believe
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus – to say
intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus – to understand, comprehendo
iuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratus – to swear
loquor, loqui, locutus – to speak
narro, narrare, narravi, narratus – to talk, narrate
nego, negare, negavi, negatus – to deny, say…not, refuse
nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus: to announce
polliceor polliceri pollicitus – to promise (usually with future infinitive) puto, putare, putavi, putatus – to think
reor, reri, ratus – to think, believe
respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsus – to answer, reply
scio scire scivi scitus – to know
scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus – to write
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus – to feel, perceive
video, videre vidi, visus – to see
Some verbs of “speaking/thinking/knowing”in the passive may pattern with a complementary infinitive.
Verbs that raise the expectation of an indirect question noun clause
Markers:
- interrogative (question) word; some of the most frequently occurring are: quis quid who? what?; cur why?; num whether, if?; utrum…an whether…or…?; quo modo how? in what manner? unde from where?
- verb in the subjunctive
- governing verbs of ASKING, SAYING, KNOWING
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus – to say
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus – to ask
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus – to seek, ask
interrogo, interrogare, interrogavi, interrogatus – to ask
requiro, requirere, requisii/requisivi, requisitus – to ask for, look for
scio, scire, scivi, scitus – to know
video, videre, vidi, visus – to see
Verbs Raising the Expectation of Other Noun Clauses
Verbs that raise the expectation of a noun result clause
Markers:
- ut/uti – – – negator = non
- subjunctive verb
- governing verb of bringing about, happening
accidit (accido, accidere, accidi) to happen (+Noun Clause as Subject)
efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus – to bring about (+ Noun Clause as DO)
facio, facere, feci, factus – to bring about, make happen (+ Noun Clause as DO) fit (fio, fieri, factus) to come about (+ Noun Clause as Subject)
Verbs that raise the expectation of a clause of fearing
Markers:
- ne – that, or non ne/ut/uti – that …not
- verb in subjunctive
- governing verb of FEARING
metuo, metuere, metui – to fear
metus est from metus, metus m. fear and sum, esse, fui, futurus – to be
timeo, timere, timui – to fear
vereor, vereri, veritus – to fear
Verbs Raising the Expectation of or Patterning With Infinitives
Verbs that raise the expectation of a complementary infinitive
It is necessary to know these in order to avoid confusion with an accusative w/ infin clause.
Verbs that regularly pattern with a complementary infinitive:
audeo, audere, ausus – to dare
coepi, coepisse, coeptus (defective verb: no imperfective forms) – to begin
consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetum – to be accustomed to
desino, desinere, desi(v)i, desitus – to stop
desisto, desistere, destiti – to stop
incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus – to begin
possum, posse, potui, – can/to be able
soleo, solere, solitus – to be accustomed to
Verbs that pattern occasionally with a complementary infinitive:
conor, conari, conatus – to try
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus – to decide
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus – to desire
debeo, debere, debui, debitus – ought, must
dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus – to hesitate
malo, malle, malui – to prefer
nolo, nolle, nolui – to not want, be unwilling
paro, parare, paravi, paratus – to prepare
scio, scire, scivi, scitus – to know how
statuo, statuere, statui, statutus- to decide
tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus – to try
videor – (passive forms of video, videre, vidi, visus) to seem
volo, velle, volui – to be willing, to want, wish
Some verbs of speaking/thinking/knowing in the passive may pattern with a complementary infinitive.
Verbs that raise the expectation of a verbal noun infinitive
These verbs will always be 3rd singular.
est or other 3rd singular form of esse: + nom sg neut adj. The verbal noun use is the ONLY infinitive use that patterns with esse. In these cases, the infinitive is normally the subject of a linking kernel, and the subject complement adjective is frequently first in the sentence, e.g., difficile est “It is difficult (to)…”, melius est “It is better (to)…”, etc..
Verbs that regularly pattern with a verbal noun infinitive:
decet, decere, decuit is fitting, is suitable
licet, licere, licuit is allowed, is possible
oportet, oportere, oportuit is necessary
Verbs that pattern occasionally with a verbal noun infinitiv:
iuvat iuvare iuvit – is pleasing, delights
placet placere placuit – is pleasing
conceditur concedi concessum est – is allowed
Words Which Signal and Abverbial Result Clause
adeo (adv) – to such a degree
ita (adv) – in such a way
tam (adv, usually with adjs or advs) – so
sic (adv) – thus, so, in such a way talis
tale: such
tantus a um – so great
tot (indecl adj) – so many
totiens (adv) – so often
Verbs Which Pattern with a Dative/Ablative/Genitive Object
Dative Object
credo, credere, credidi, creditus – trust, rely on (not entrust)
faveo, favere, favi – favor, offer a favor to
noceo, nocere, nocui – harm, do harm to, injure
parco, parcere, peperci – spare, be lenient to
pareo, parere, parui – obey, be obedient to
persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasurus – persuade
placeo, placere, placui, placitus – please, be pleasing to
resisto, resistere, restiti – resist, oppose, offer resistance to
servio, servire, servivi – serve, help, offer service to
studeo, studere, studui – be eager for, favor, strive after
suadeo, suadere, suasi – convince, persuade
Ablative Object
utor, uti, usus – use, make use of
fruor, frui, fructus – make use of, enjoy
fungor, fungi, functus – be engaged in, be busy with, discharge
potior, potiri, potitus – take control of, acquire, obtain
Genitive Object
memini, meminisse – remember
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus – forget
Factitive Verbs
These pattern with 2 accusatives: DO and OC.
facio, facere, feci, factus – to make, to elect
creo, creare, creavi, creatus – to elect
habeo, habere, habui, habitus – to consider
praeficio, ere, praefeci, praefectus – to appoint
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus – to call
appello, are, appellavi, appellatus – to call, to name
declaro, are, declaravi, declaratus – to declare
Linking Verbs
These pattern with a subject and subject complement.
appellatur – is named, is called (not is called for, is summoned)
est – is (not exists)
fit – becomes
videtur – seems (not is seen)
vocatur – is named (not is called for, is summoned)
creatur – is elected
declaratur – is declared
habetur – is considered, is held to be