Ut, Quam, and Quod

Ut Clauses

Adverbial

adverbial ut–clauses are frequently set off by commas

Result Clause

  • ut = “(with the result) that”
    ut non = “(with the result) that…not…”
  • dependent verb in the subjunctive mood
    The governing clause may contain a signal word, such as:
    adeo (adv):  to such a degree
    ita (adv):  in such a way
    sic (adv):  thus, so, in such a way
    talis tale:  such
    tam (adv, usually with adjs or advs):  so
    tantus a um:  so great
    tot (indecl adj):  so many
    totiens (adv):  so often

Temporal Clause

  • ut = “when, as”
  • dependent verb in the indicative mood

Comparison Clause

  • ut = “as”
  • dependent verb in the indicative mood; gapping of verb and/or other items highly likely

Purpose Clause

  • ut = “in order that, so that, in order to, to”
    ne = “(in order) that…not…, so as not to”
  • dependent verb in the present or imperfect subjunctive

Noun

Indirect Command Clause

  • ut = “that”

ne = “that…not…”

  • governing verb or expression has the semantic notions of ordering, urging, wishing, resolving, allowing, decreeing
  • dependent verb in the present or imperfect subjunctive

Noun Result Clause

  • ut = “that”
    ut non = “that…not…”
  • governing verb or expression has the semantic notions of HAPPENING; often an impersonal verb taking the clause as S, such as fit, accidit
  • dependent verb in the subjunctive mood

Clause of Fearing 

  • ne = “that”
    ut = “that…not…”
  • governing verb or expression has the semantic notions of FEARING
  • dependent verb in the subjunctive mood

Quam Clauses

Adjectival

Adjectival Result Clause

  • quam = “whom, which, that”
  • dependent verb in the indicative or subjunctive mood
  • the quam-clause has a feminine singular antecedent/head in the governing expression
  • quam has a syntactic function in its own clause, usually as a core element

Adverbial

Clause of Comparison

  • quam = “than”
  • dependent verb in indicative or subjunctive mood; frequently gapped
  • the governing expression may have a comparative adverb or adjective as a signal word
  • quam has no syntactic function in its own clause

Quod Clauses

Adjectival

Adjectival Relative Clause

  • quod = “which, that”
  • dependent verb in the indicative or, if rel clause of charateristic, the subjunctive mood
  • quod has a core function in its own clause
  • the quod-clause has a neuter singular antecedent/head in the governing expression

Noun

Noun Relative Clause

  • quod = “that which, what”
  • dependent verb in the indicative or, if rel clause of characteristic, the subjunctive mood
  • quod has a core function in its own clause
  • the quod-clause has a core function in the governing clause

Adverbial

Causal Clause

  • quod = “because”
  • dependent verb in the indicative (if the speaker agrees with the cause that is given) or subjunctive (if the speaker give a reason on someone else’s authority)
  • quod has no core function in its own clause
  • the quod-clause has no core or appositional role in the governing clause