| What are the adverbial modifiers? | What do they modify? |
| Adverb Prepositional phrase Abl noun without a preposition (NIAWOP) Ablative absolute Non-core dative Adverbial dependent clause Adverbial accusative without a preposition Locative case (e.g. domi; Romae) | Verbs, Adjectives or Adverbs which are often found to the right of the adverbial modifier |
Prepositional Phrases
| preposition | Contextual Clues | Example | Translation |
| a/ab+abl (agent) | Animate noun and passive verb | by | |
| a/ab+abl(separation/place from which) | Noun frequently expressing place and verb usually of motion or separation | from | |
| cum+abl. (accompaniment) | Animate noun | with | |
| cum+abl (manner) | Abstract noun, often with an adjective modifying it | magnā cum laude | with |
| in + abl (place) | in, on | ||
| in + acc (direction) | int, onto |
Nouns In the Ablative Without a Preposition (NIAWOPS)
| NIAWOP | Contextual Clues | Example | Translation |
| means/manner | Inanimate noun/ Abstract noun | With/by means of | |
| time | Word connoting time | at, in, on | |
| separation/place from which origin | Inanimate noun/place nameand verb usually of motion or separation person and passive verb meaning ‘born, begotten’ | from from, of | |
| cause | Modifies verb with a positive or negative emotional impact,e.g. gaudeo, doleo | due to, because of | |
| comparison | Comparative adj/adv | maior fratre: bigger than his brother | than |
| degree of difference | Word of quantity (multo, paulo) and Comparative adj/adv | frater paulō maior: a slightly older brother,a brother, a little older | |
| abl. of respect | The head of this ablative is an adjective | maior natū: older in respect to birth | In, in respect to |
| abl. of description | The abl of description is an adjectival modifier, i.e., it modifies a noun | statua immanī magnitudine: a statue of immense size | of |
Adverbial Accusative Without a Preposition
| Adverbial Accusative | Contextual Clues | Translation |
| Of duration of time | Words of ‘time’, such as diem orannos | For (the duration of) |
| Of place to which | Place name and intransitive verb or complete core | to |
Dative as Adverbial Modifier
| Dative | Contextual Clues | Translation |
| dative of indirectobject | Verbs of “give, tell,show” (do dare, etc.) | to |
| dative of possession | occurs with intransitiveuses of sum esse | ‘dative noun’ has the ‘subject’ of est |
| dative with compound verbs | compound verbs, i.e., a verb with a prefix (intulit, imponit) | to, for, on, at |
| dative of reference | (no special environment) | to, for |
| dative of purpose in double dative | the dative is an abstract noun of ‘helping’or ‘hindering’, e.g., usui, auxilio, saluti,impedimento, etc. | for the purpose of,for, as |
| dative with adjectives | Adjectives gratus,inimicus, similis, etc | for |
| dative of agent | Verbs of the passive periphrastic conjugation | by |
| dative of separation | Verb of ‘taking away’;Animate noun | from |